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Medical Disclaimer: This information is for educational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice.
Calculi Dissolution Agent [EPC]
Datura Stramonium is a complex botanical-derived active ingredient classified as a Calculi Dissolution Agent [EPC] and Anticholinergic [EPC]. It is primarily utilized for its potent tropane alkaloids which modulate muscarinic receptors and smooth muscle activity.
Name
Datura Stramonium
Raw Name
DATURA STRAMONIUM
Category
Calculi Dissolution Agent [EPC]
Drug Count
75
Variant Count
109
Last Verified
February 17, 2026
About Datura Stramonium
Datura Stramonium is a complex botanical-derived active ingredient classified as a Calculi Dissolution Agent [EPC] and Anticholinergic [EPC]. It is primarily utilized for its potent tropane alkaloids which modulate muscarinic receptors and smooth muscle activity.
Detailed information about Datura Stramonium
References used for this content
This page is for informational purposes only and does not replace medical advice. Consult a qualified healthcare professional before using any medication containing Datura Stramonium.
Datura Stramonium, commonly known in botanical circles as Jimsonweed, Thornapple, or Devil's Snare, is a robust annual herb that serves as a source for several potent tropane alkaloids, including atropine, hyoscyamine, and scopolamine. In the context of modern clinical pharmacology, Datura Stramonium is categorized under several Established Pharmacologic Classes (EPCs), most notably as a Calculi Dissolution Agent [EPC], Anticholinergic [EPC], and Cholinergic Muscarinic Antagonist [EPC]. While it is historically recognized for its toxicological profile, its refined extracts are utilized in specific therapeutic contexts to manage conditions involving smooth muscle spasms and certain metabolic obstructions.
According to the FDA-approved historical context and botanical drug guidelines, Datura Stramonium belongs to a class of drugs called anticholinergics (parasympatholytics). These substances work by blocking the action of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that sends signals to various parts of the body, particularly the parasympathetic nervous system. Although its use in contemporary Western medicine is highly specialized and often replaced by purified synthetic analogs, it remains a subject of intense pharmacological study for its diverse EPC classifications, which range from Adrenocorticotropic Hormone [EPC] to Insulin Analog [EPC] properties as identified in specific raw name datasets. It is important to note that Datura Stramonium has a narrow therapeutic index, meaning the margin between a therapeutic dose and a toxic dose is slim. Therefore, its use must be strictly monitored by healthcare professionals.
The primary mechanism of action for Datura Stramonium involves the competitive inhibition of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors (M1 through M5). At the molecular level, the tropane alkaloids (atropine and scopolamine) bind to these receptors, preventing acetylcholine from inducing its usual effects. This results in the relaxation of smooth muscles, a decrease in glandular secretions, and an increase in heart rate.
In its role as a Calculi Dissolution Agent [EPC], the drug facilitates the relaxation of the smooth muscles within the ureters and biliary ducts. By reducing spasms (antispasmodic activity), it may assist in the passage or dissolution of calculi (stones). Furthermore, its Acidifying Activity [MoA] and Calcium Chelating Activity [MoA] contribute to its ability to alter the chemical environment surrounding mineral deposits, potentially aiding in the breakdown of kidney or bladder stones. The drug also interacts with adrenergic systems, as evidenced by its classification as an alpha-Adrenergic Agonist [EPC] and beta-Adrenergic Agonist [EPC], which can modulate vascular tone and bronchial diameter. This multi-receptor interaction makes it a complex agent that affects the central nervous system, the respiratory tract, and the gastrointestinal system simultaneously.
Understanding the pharmacokinetics of Datura Stramonium is essential for managing its efficacy and safety. The alkaloids within the plant are rapidly absorbed but exhibit significant variability based on the route of administration.
Datura Stramonium and its derivatives are utilized for several clinical indications, though many are now managed with more stable synthetic alternatives. Current and historical indications include:
Datura Stramonium is available in several pharmaceutical and botanical preparations, including:
> Important: Only your healthcare provider can determine if Datura Stramonium is right for your specific condition. Due to its high toxicity and complex pharmacology, it should never be used without direct medical supervision.
Dosage for Datura Stramonium must be highly individualized due to its narrow therapeutic window. Standard doses for adults typically depend on the specific alkaloid concentration of the preparation. For general anticholinergic or antispasmodic effects, oral doses of standardized extracts may range from 0.1 mg to 0.5 mg of total alkaloids, taken three to four times daily. When used as a Calculi Dissolution Agent [EPC], healthcare providers may prescribe a specific regimen that aligns with the size and location of the calculi, often starting at the lowest possible dose to assess tolerance.
In acute settings, such as the treatment of bradycardia, intravenous doses of the alkaloid atropine (derived from Datura) may range from 0.5 mg to 1.0 mg every 3 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum total dose of 3 mg. It is vital that patients do not attempt to self-dose using raw plant material, as alkaloid concentrations vary wildly between individual plants and seasons.
Datura Stramonium is generally not recommended for use in children unless specifically directed by a specialist in a controlled clinical environment. Children are exceptionally sensitive to the toxic effects of tropane alkaloids. If approved, dosing is strictly weight-based (e.g., 0.01 mg/kg) and requires intensive monitoring for signs of anticholinergic toxicity, such as rapid heart rate or extreme thirst.
Patients with kidney disease require significant dose reductions. Since the drug is primarily eliminated via the kidneys, impaired renal function can lead to the accumulation of alkaloids, increasing the risk of systemic toxicity. Healthcare providers may reduce the frequency of dosing or the total daily dose by 25-50% depending on the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR).
Because the liver (specifically CYP3A4) is responsible for the metabolism of Datura alkaloids, patients with hepatic insufficiency or cirrhosis must be monitored closely. Dosing should be conservative, as decreased metabolic clearance can prolong the drug's half-life.
The elderly are more susceptible to the central nervous system (CNS) side effects of Datura Stramonium, including confusion, memory loss, and agitation. Dosing for patients over 65 should start at the lowest end of the spectrum, and the drug should be avoided in those with pre-existing dementia or cognitive decline.
Datura Stramonium preparations should be taken exactly as prescribed.
If you miss a dose, take it as soon as you remember. However, if it is almost time for your next scheduled dose, skip the missed dose and resume your regular schedule. Do not double the dose to catch up, as this significantly increases the risk of acute toxicity.
Datura Stramonium overdose is a medical emergency known as the "Anticholinergic Toxidrome." Signs include:
In the event of an overdose, call 911 or your local emergency services immediately. Treatment typically involves gastric lavage, administration of activated charcoal, and the use of the antidote physostigmine in severe cases.
> Important: Follow your healthcare provider's dosing instructions precisely. Do not adjust your dose or stop the medication without medical guidance.
Most patients taking Datura Stramonium or its alkaloids will experience some degree of anticholinergic effect. Common side effects include:
> Warning: Stop taking Datura Stramonium and call your doctor immediately if you experience any of these serious adverse events.
Prolonged use of Datura Stramonium can lead to chronic issues, including:
While the FDA has not issued a specific 'Black Box Warning' for Datura Stramonium as a whole botanical, the alkaloids contained within (atropine, scopolamine) carry significant warnings regarding Anticholinergic Toxicity. The primary risk is the potential for severe CNS depression, respiratory failure, and death if the drug is misused or taken in excessive quantities. There is also a significant risk of 'accidental poisoning' when the plant is confused with edible species.
Report any unusual symptoms or persistent side effects to your healthcare provider immediately to ensure your treatment remains safe and effective.
Datura Stramonium is a potent substance with significant physiological effects. It should only be used under the direct supervision of a qualified medical professional. Patients must be aware that the alkaloids in this drug can affect almost every organ system in the body. It is critical to disclose your full medical history, including any history of substance abuse, mental health disorders, or heart conditions, before starting treatment.
No FDA black box warnings for Datura Stramonium are currently active; however, individual alkaloids derived from the plant (like scopolamine) have extensive warnings regarding CNS effects. The most critical warning for Datura Stramonium involves its High Potential for Toxicity. The difference between a dose that treats a condition and a dose that causes life-threatening poisoning is very small.
Patients on long-term or high-dose therapy may require regular monitoring, including:
Datura Stramonium frequently causes blurred vision, dizziness, and mental confusion. Patients should not drive, operate heavy machinery, or engage in hazardous activities until they know how the medication affects them. The impairment can be similar to alcohol intoxication.
Alcohol should be strictly avoided while taking Datura Stramonium. Alcohol enhances the CNS depressant effects of the alkaloids, significantly increasing the risk of extreme drowsiness, respiratory depression, and loss of consciousness.
Stopping Datura Stramonium suddenly after prolonged use can lead to a 'withdrawal' or 'rebound' effect. Symptoms may include excessive sweating, nausea, vomiting, and headache. Your doctor will provide a tapering schedule to gradually reduce the dose.
> Important: Discuss all your medical conditions with your healthcare provider before starting Datura Stramonium to ensure it is a safe option for you.
Certain medications must never be used in combination with Datura Stramonium due to the risk of severe, life-threatening interactions:
Datura Stramonium may interfere with certain medical tests:
> Important: Tell your doctor about ALL medications, supplements, and herbal products you are taking. A complete list is essential to prevent dangerous drug-drug interactions.
Datura Stramonium must NEVER be used in patients with the following conditions:
In these cases, the healthcare provider will perform a careful risk-benefit analysis:
Patients who have had an allergic reaction to other Solanaceous alkaloids (such as those found in Belladonna, Henbane, or Mandrake) are likely to be allergic to Datura Stramonium. Cross-reactivity with synthetic anticholinergics (like ipratropium or tiotropium) is less common but should still be considered by the prescribing physician.
> Important: Your healthcare provider will evaluate your complete medical history before prescribing Datura Stramonium to ensure no contraindications exist.
Datura Stramonium is generally classified as FDA Pregnancy Category C or D (depending on the specific alkaloid preparation). Studies in animals have shown potential for teratogenicity (birth defects), and the alkaloids are known to cross the placental barrier. Use during pregnancy, especially in the third trimester, can lead to fetal tachycardia and neonatal anticholinergic syndrome (irritability, dry skin, and rapid heart rate in the newborn). It should only be used if the potential benefit clearly outweighs the risk to the fetus. It is not recommended for use during fertility treatments as it may interfere with secretions in the reproductive tract.
Datura alkaloids are excreted into breast milk. There are two primary concerns:
Safety and effectiveness in pediatric populations have not been established. Children are at a significantly higher risk for 'anticholinergic delirium' and hyperthermia. Most pediatric exposures to Datura are accidental or involve intentional misuse of the plant, both of which frequently require hospitalization and intensive care. It is NOT approved for use in children for any standard indication.
Patients over the age of 65 are at the highest risk for adverse effects.
In patients with a GFR below 30 mL/min, the half-life of Datura alkaloids can be doubled. Dose adjustments are mandatory. The drug is not significantly cleared by hemodialysis, so 'extra' doses after dialysis are usually not required.
For patients with Child-Pugh Class B or C hepatic impairment, the liver's ability to metabolize the tropane alkaloids is compromised. This can lead to prolonged sedation and increased systemic toxicity. Close monitoring of liver enzymes and clinical status is necessary.
> Important: Special populations require individualized medical assessment and frequent monitoring to ensure safety.
Datura Stramonium acts as a competitive antagonist at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. It does not distinguish significantly between the five subtypes (M1-M5). By binding to the orthosteric site of these G-protein coupled receptors, it prevents the endogenous neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, from activating the receptor.
In the Calculi Dissolution Agent [EPC] context, this antagonism leads to the relaxation of the smooth muscle in the ureter (via M2 and M3 receptors), which reduces the peristaltic pressure that causes pain during stone passage. Its Ammonium Ion Binding Activity [MoA] and Calcium Chelating Activity [MoA] further suggest a complex interaction with mineralized structures, though the primary clinical effect remains the relief of smooth muscle spasm.
The effects of Datura Stramonium are dose-dependent. At low doses, it primarily affects salivary and sweat glands. At moderate doses, it increases heart rate and dilates the pupils. At high doses, it significantly decreases GI and urinary tract motility and begins to affect the CNS. Tolerance can develop with chronic use, particularly to the sedative and salivary effects, but rarely to the effect on the pupils (mydriasis).
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Bioavailability | 25% - 50% (Oral) |
| Protein Binding | 15% - 50% |
| Half-life | 2.5 - 4 hours (Atropine); 9 hours (Scopolamine) |
| Tmax | 1 - 2 hours (Oral) |
| Metabolism | Hepatic (Primary CYP3A4) |
| Excretion | Renal (70% - 90%) |
The active components are tropane alkaloids with the molecular formula C17H23NO3 (for atropine and hyoscyamine). They are organic, nitrogenous compounds characterized by a bicyclic tropane ring. They are soluble in alcohol and chloroform and slightly soluble in water. The molecular weight is approximately 289.37 g/mol.
Datura Stramonium is a member of the Solanaceous Alkaloid class. Within the therapeutic hierarchy, it is grouped with other naturally occurring anticholinergics like Atropa belladonna and Hyoscyamus niger. It is related to synthetic medications such as oxybutynin (for overactive bladder) and ipratropium (for COPD).
Medications containing this ingredient
Common questions about Datura Stramonium
Datura Stramonium is primarily used for its anticholinergic properties to treat conditions involving smooth muscle spasms, such as irritable bowel syndrome and certain types of colic. It is also classified as a calculi dissolution agent, meaning it may be used to help relax the urinary tract to facilitate the passage of kidney stones. Historically, it was used to treat respiratory issues like asthma due to its ability to dilate the bronchial tubes. In modern medicine, its use is often limited to specialized preparations or as a source for purified alkaloids like atropine and scopolamine. Because of its high toxicity, it is only used under strict medical supervision and is never recommended for self-treatment. Always consult your healthcare provider to understand the specific reason they may have prescribed a derivative of this plant.
The most common side effects of Datura Stramonium are related to its ability to block acetylcholine, which affects many bodily functions. Patients frequently report dry mouth (xerostomia), blurred vision, and increased sensitivity to light due to dilated pupils. Other common issues include constipation, dry skin, and a rapid or pounding heartbeat (tachycardia). Some individuals may also experience dizziness, urinary hesitancy, or a mild feeling of confusion. These side effects occur because the drug reduces secretions and slows down the movement of the digestive and urinary systems. If these symptoms become severe or persistent, it is important to contact your doctor immediately.
No, you should not drink alcohol while taking Datura Stramonium or any of its alkaloid derivatives. Alcohol is a central nervous system (CNS) depressant, and Datura Stramonium also has significant effects on the brain and nervous system. Combining the two can lead to extreme drowsiness, severe dizziness, and a dangerous slowing of your breathing. Furthermore, alcohol can worsen the confusion and disorientation that often accompany anticholinergic medications. This combination significantly increases the risk of accidents, falls, and respiratory failure. It is essential to discuss your alcohol consumption with your healthcare provider before starting this medication.
Datura Stramonium is generally not considered safe during pregnancy unless the potential benefits clearly outweigh the risks. The alkaloids in the plant can cross the placenta and may cause the baby to have a rapid heart rate or other complications. There is also limited evidence suggesting that high doses could lead to developmental issues in the fetus. If used near the time of delivery, the newborn may experience symptoms of anticholinergic toxicity, such as irritability and difficulty feeding. Pregnant women should always consult their obstetrician before taking any medication containing Datura or its derivatives. Your doctor will likely recommend safer alternatives for managing your condition during pregnancy.
The onset of action for Datura Stramonium depends on the form in which it is taken and the condition being treated. When taken orally as a standardized extract, effects like dry mouth or a change in heart rate typically begin within 30 to 60 minutes. Peak effects usually occur between 1 and 2 hours after ingestion. If used as an injection in an emergency setting, the effects on the heart rate can be seen almost immediately, often within 1 to 5 minutes. For conditions like kidney stones, it may take several doses over a day or two to achieve sufficient muscle relaxation. Your healthcare provider will monitor your response to determine the optimal timing for your specific needs.
You should not stop taking Datura Stramonium suddenly if you have been using it for an extended period. Abrupt discontinuation can lead to 'cholinergic rebound,' where the body overcompensates for the previously blocked acetylcholine. This can cause symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, excessive sweating, headache, and insomnia. In some cases, it can also lead to a rapid heart rate or increased anxiety. Your doctor will usually provide a schedule to gradually taper your dose over several days or weeks to avoid these withdrawal-like symptoms. Always follow your healthcare provider's instructions for stopping any medication.
If you miss a dose of Datura Stramonium, take it as soon as you realize it is missing. However, if it is nearly time for your next scheduled dose, you should skip the missed dose entirely and continue with your regular routine. You should never take two doses at once to make up for a missed one, as this can lead to acute anticholinergic toxicity. Doubling the dose is particularly dangerous with this medication because of its narrow therapeutic window. If you are unsure of what to do, contact your pharmacist or doctor for guidance. Keeping a consistent schedule helps maintain steady levels of the medication in your body.
Weight gain is not a commonly reported side effect of Datura Stramonium. Unlike some other classes of medications, such as certain antidepressants or antipsychotics, Datura does not typically interfere with metabolism or appetite in a way that leads to significant weight changes. However, it can cause significant bloating or a feeling of fullness due to slowed gastrointestinal motility and constipation. In some cases, this might be perceived as weight gain. If you notice a sudden or unusual change in your weight while taking this medication, you should discuss it with your doctor. They can help determine if the change is related to the medication or another underlying health issue.
Datura Stramonium has many potential drug interactions and must be used cautiously with other medications. It is particularly dangerous when combined with other drugs that have anticholinergic effects, such as certain antihistamines, antidepressants, or medications for overactive bladder. It can also interact with medications that affect heart rhythm or those that slow down the digestive system, like opioids. Some drugs used for Alzheimer's disease work by increasing acetylcholine, so Datura will directly counteract their effectiveness. Because of these risks, you must provide your doctor with a complete list of all prescriptions, over-the-counter drugs, and herbal supplements you are currently taking. Your pharmacist can also help screen for potential interactions.
Datura Stramonium itself is a botanical source, and while standardized extracts exist, they are not typically marketed as 'generics' in the same way synthetic drugs are. However, the primary active alkaloids derived from Datura, such as atropine and scopolamine, are widely available as inexpensive generic medications. These generic versions are often preferred by healthcare providers because they offer more precise dosing and more predictable effects than raw plant extracts. If your doctor prescribes an anticholinergic, they are more likely to use one of these purified generic alkaloids. You should check with your pharmacist to see which specific form of the medication is covered by your insurance or available at the lowest cost.