Somcupin

Dosage for Arabica Coffee Bean products varies significantly based on the intended use—diagnostic versus therapeutic.

For Allergy Testing (Diagnostic)

• Skin Prick Test: Healthcare providers typically use a concentrated extract (e.g., 1:10 or 1:20 w/v). A single drop is applied to the skin, followed by a light prick. The reaction is measured after 15 to 20 minutes.
• Intradermal Testing: If the prick test is negative but an allergy is still suspected, a more dilute solution (1:100 to 1:1000) may be injected just under the skin surface.

For Therapeutic Use (Caffeine-equivalent)

• Fatigue/Alertness: 100 mg to 200 mg orally every 3 to 4 hours as needed. Clinical guidelines suggest not exceeding 400 mg per day for healthy adults.
• Migraine Adjunct: 65 mg to 100 mg in combination with other pain relievers, taken at the onset of symptoms.

Arabica Coffee Bean extracts for allergy testing can be used in children under the strict supervision of a pediatric allergist. Therapeutic use of caffeine derivatives in children is highly specialized:

• Apnea of Prematurity: A loading dose of 20 mg/kg of caffeine citrate is typically administered IV or orally, followed by a maintenance dose of 5 mg/kg to 10 mg/kg once daily. This must only be performed in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).
• General Pediatric Use: Arabica Coffee Bean derivatives are generally not recommended for children under 12 years of age for fatigue or headache unless specifically directed by a pediatrician.

Renal Impairment

While the parent compounds are mostly metabolized by the liver, the metabolites are cleared by the kidneys. In patients with severe renal impairment (kidney failure), the accumulation of metabolites may occur. Healthcare providers may suggest lower doses or longer intervals between doses.

Hepatic Impairment

Because the CYP1A2 enzyme system in the liver is responsible for nearly all metabolism, patients with cirrhosis or hepatitis will experience a significantly prolonged half-life. Doses should be reduced by 50% or more in patients with moderate-to-severe hepatic impairment to avoid toxicity.

Elderly Patients

Older adults are often more sensitive to the stimulant effects of Arabica Coffee Bean. Lower initial doses are recommended to avoid insomnia, tachycardia (fast heart rate), and tremors.

• Diagnostic Extracts: These are administered only by healthcare professionals in a clinical setting equipped to handle anaphylaxis (severe allergic reactions).
• Oral Forms: May be taken with or without food. If stomach upset occurs, taking the dose with a small meal or milk may help.
• Time of Day: Avoid taking stimulant forms within 6 hours of bedtime to prevent sleep disturbances.
• Storage: Store extracts in a refrigerator (2°C to 8°C or 36°F to 46°F) as specified by the manufacturer. Oral tablets should be kept at room temperature away from moisture and heat.

If a therapeutic dose is missed, take it as soon as you remember. However, if it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and return to your regular schedule. Do not double the dose to make up for a missed one, as this significantly increases the risk of cardiovascular side effects.

Signs of Arabica Coffee Bean (caffeine) overdose include:

• Severe restlessness or agitation
• Rapid or irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia)
• Muscle twitching or seizures
• Persistent vomiting and abdominal pain
• Confusion or hallucinations

In case of suspected overdose, contact a poison control center or seek emergency medical attention immediately. Emergency measures may include gastric lavage (stomach pumping), activated charcoal, and supportive care for cardiac and neurological symptoms.

> Important: Follow your healthcare provider's dosing instructions precisely. Do not adjust your dose or use extracts for self-testing without medical guidance.

When Arabica Coffee Bean derivatives (stimulants) are used, the most frequently reported side effects are related to its action on the central nervous system and cardiovascular system:

• Insomnia: Difficulty falling or staying asleep, often lasting for several hours after the dose.
• Nervousness and Anxiety: A feeling of 'jitters' or restlessness.
• Increased Heart Rate (Tachycardia): A noticeable fast or pounding heartbeat.
• Diuresis: An increased need to urinate, as methylxanthines increase blood flow to the kidneys.
• Gastrointestinal Irritation: Heartburn, nausea, or stomach pain due to increased gastric acid secretion.

• Tremors: Fine shaking of the hands or limbs.
• Dizziness: A feeling of lightheadedness or vertigo.
• Irritability: Heightened emotional sensitivity or mood swings.
• Headache: Ironically, while used to treat headaches, 'rebound' headaches can occur as the substance wears off.

• Arrhythmias: Serious irregular heart rhythms, such as atrial fibrillation.
• Hypokalemia: Low potassium levels in the blood, which can affect muscle function.
• Hyperglycemia: A temporary rise in blood sugar levels.
• Psychosis: In extremely high doses, caffeine from Arabica beans can induce temporary hallucinations or paranoid delusions.

> Warning: Stop using Arabica Coffee Bean products and call your doctor immediately or seek emergency care if you experience any of the following:

1. 1Anaphylaxis: Signs include hives, swelling of the face or throat, difficulty breathing, and a sudden drop in blood pressure. This is most common during diagnostic skin testing.
2. 2Chest Pain: May indicate myocardial ischemia (lack of oxygen to the heart muscle).
3. 3Seizures: Uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain, often a sign of severe toxicity.
4. 4Severe Vomiting: Can lead to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances.
5. 5Panic Attacks: Intense, overwhelming fear accompanied by physical symptoms.

Prolonged use of Arabica Coffee Bean derivatives can lead to several chronic issues:

• Tolerance: The body becomes accustomed to the substance, requiring higher doses to achieve the same effect.
• Dependence and Withdrawal: Sudden cessation can lead to 'Caffeine Withdrawal Syndrome,' characterized by severe headaches, fatigue, depressed mood, and difficulty concentrating.
• Bone Density Loss: Some studies suggest that high long-term intake may interfere with calcium absorption, potentially increasing the risk of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women who do not consume enough dietary calcium.
• Chronic Sleep Deprivation: Persistent use can lead to a cycle of poor sleep and daytime reliance on stimulants.

There are currently no FDA black box warnings specifically for Arabica Coffee Bean allergenic extracts or standardized caffeine tablets. However, clinicians are warned that allergenic extracts carry a risk of severe systemic reactions, including anaphylaxis, and must only be administered by trained personnel in facilities equipped with emergency resuscitation equipment.

Report any unusual symptoms or persistent side effects to your healthcare provider. Monitoring of heart rate and blood pressure is recommended for those using high-dose therapeutic preparations.

Arabica Coffee Bean products, whether used for diagnostic allergy testing or as a stimulant, must be handled with caution. The primary safety concerns involve cardiovascular stimulation and the potential for severe allergic reactions. Patients with underlying heart conditions, anxiety disorders, or a history of severe allergies must disclose their full medical history to their healthcare provider before exposure.

No FDA black box warnings for Arabica Coffee Bean have been issued. However, the FDA requires all allergenic extracts to carry a general warning regarding the risk of life-threatening allergic reactions. These extracts are not intended for self-administration.

• Allergic Reactions / Anaphylaxis Risk: During skin testing with Arabica Coffee Bean extract, there is a small but significant risk of a systemic allergic reaction. Patients should remain in the clinic for at least 30 minutes after testing for monitoring.
• Cardiovascular Risks: Because it acts as a beta-Adrenergic Agonist [EPC] (indirectly) and increases catecholamine release, it can exacerbate hypertension (high blood pressure), arrhythmias, and angina (chest pain). Use with extreme caution in patients with recent myocardial infarction.
• Gastrointestinal Disorders: Arabica Coffee Bean stimulates gastric acid secretion. It may worsen symptoms of peptic ulcer disease or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
• Seizure Disorders: High doses of methylxanthines lower the seizure threshold. Patients with epilepsy should use these products only under strict medical supervision.
• Psychiatric Effects: May exacerbate symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder, and insomnia.

For patients using therapeutic doses of Arabica Coffee Bean derivatives:

• Blood Pressure and Heart Rate: Should be monitored regularly, especially when starting treatment or increasing the dose.
• Serum Caffeine Levels: In neonatal settings (apnea of prematurity), blood levels are monitored to maintain a therapeutic range (typically 5–25 mcg/mL) and avoid toxicity.
• Bone Mineral Density: May be considered for long-term, high-dose users with other risk factors for osteoporosis.

While Arabica Coffee Bean is intended to increase alertness, it can also cause tremors, dizziness, and 'jitteriness' that may impair fine motor skills. Patients should assess their individual response before driving or operating heavy machinery. If the substance causes significant hand tremors or anxiety, avoid these activities.

Alcohol and Arabica Coffee Bean derivatives have complex interactions. Caffeine can mask the depressant effects of alcohol, leading individuals to feel 'less drunk' than they actually are. This increases the risk of alcohol-related injuries. Furthermore, both substances are diuretics and can lead to significant dehydration.

Do not stop taking high-dose Arabica Coffee Bean derivatives abruptly if you have used them daily for a long period. A gradual tapering (reduction) of the dose is recommended to avoid withdrawal symptoms such as throbbing headaches, extreme lethargy, and irritability. Withdrawal symptoms typically begin 12 to 24 hours after the last dose and can last for up to a week.

> Important: Discuss all your medical conditions, especially heart or psychiatric issues, with your healthcare provider before starting Arabica Coffee Bean products.

• MAO Inhibitors (e.g., Phenelzine, Selegiline): Using Arabica Coffee Bean derivatives with Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors can lead to a dangerous increase in blood pressure (hypertensive crisis) and cardiac arrhythmias due to excessive catecholamine levels.
• Riociguat: Caffeine can increase the effects of this pulmonary hypertension medication, leading to an increased risk of side effects.

• CYP1A2 Inhibitors (e.g., Fluvoxamine, Ciprofloxacin, Enoxacin): These drugs block the enzyme responsible for breaking down caffeine. This can increase caffeine levels by 5-fold to 10-fold, leading to severe toxicity (nausea, tachycardia, tremors).
• Ephedrine / Sympathomimetics: Combining stimulants can lead to excessive cardiovascular strain and an increased risk of stroke or heart attack.
• Theophylline: Since theophylline is a metabolite of caffeine and belongs to the same class, taking them together increases the risk of methylxanthine toxicity.

• Oral Contraceptives: Birth control pills can reduce the clearance of caffeine by about 40%, meaning the effects of the Arabica Coffee Bean will last significantly longer.
• Antipsychotics (e.g., Clozapine): Caffeine can increase the serum levels of clozapine, potentially increasing the risk of seizures and other side effects.
• Lithium: Caffeine increases the renal excretion of lithium. If a patient suddenly stops taking caffeine, lithium levels can rise to toxic levels.

• Calcium and Iron: Arabica Coffee Bean contains compounds that can inhibit the absorption of dietary calcium and non-heme iron. It is best to consume these minerals at least 2 hours apart from coffee-based products.
• Grapefruit Juice: May slightly slow the metabolism of caffeine, though the effect is less pronounced than with other medications.

• Echinacea: May increase the concentration of caffeine in the blood.
• Guarana / Yerba Mate: These supplements contain natural caffeine and can lead to accidental overdose if combined with Arabica Coffee Bean products.
• Bitter Orange (Synephrine): Can significantly increase blood pressure and heart rate when combined with caffeine.

• Dipyridamole/Adenosine Stress Tests: Arabica Coffee Bean derivatives must be avoided for at least 24 hours before a pharmacological cardiac stress test, as they directly antagonize the agents used in the test, leading to false-negative results.
• Urinary Catecholamines: High doses can cause false elevations in tests for vanillylmandelic acid (VMA), which is used to diagnose certain tumors (pheochromocytoma).
• Blood Glucose: May cause a transient rise in blood sugar readings.

> Important: Tell your doctor about ALL medications, supplements, and herbal products you are taking, as the CYP1A2 pathway is highly susceptible to interactions.

Arabica Coffee Bean products must NEVER be used in the following circumstances:

• Severe Hypersensitivity: Patients with a known, documented life-threatening allergy to Coffea arabica proteins or any methylxanthine (theophylline, aminophylline) must avoid these products. Exposure can trigger fatal anaphylaxis.
• Acute Myocardial Infarction: In the immediate period following a heart attack, the stimulatory effects on the heart can increase the risk of fatal arrhythmias or extension of the infarct.
• Severe Cardiac Arrhythmias: Patients with uncontrolled tachycardia or high-grade heart blocks should not use stimulants that increase heart rate.

Conditions requiring a careful risk-benefit analysis by a healthcare provider:

• Peptic Ulcer Disease: The stimulation of gastric acid can prevent the healing of ulcers or cause acute bleeding.
• Generalized Anxiety Disorder: The pro-anxiogenic (anxiety-inducing) effects of Arabica Coffee Bean can severely destabilize psychiatric patients.
• Uncontrolled Hypertension: While caffeine has a modest effect on blood pressure in habitual users, it can cause acute spikes in those with poorly managed high blood pressure.
• Pregnancy (High Dose): High intake is associated with increased risks of low birth weight and pregnancy loss.

Patients allergic to Arabica Coffee Bean may also show cross-sensitivity to:

• Robusta Coffee (Coffea canephora): A related species used in many commercial blends.
• Green Coffee Bean Extract: The unroasted version of the bean.
• Cocoa/Chocolate: Though rare, some cross-reactivity between plant-based methylxanthine sources has been noted in allergenic literature.

> Important: Your healthcare provider will evaluate your complete medical history, especially your cardiovascular and allergy profile, before prescribing or administering Arabica Coffee Bean extracts.

Arabica Coffee Bean derivatives (caffeine) are classified as FDA Pregnancy Category C (under the old system). Data from observational studies suggest that high caffeine intake (over 300 mg per day) may be associated with an increased risk of spontaneous abortion (miscarriage) and intrauterine growth restriction (low birth weight). The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) currently recommends that pregnant women limit caffeine consumption to less than 200 mg per day. There is no evidence of teratogenicity (birth defects) at moderate doses, but the substance does cross the placenta and can affect the fetal heart rate.

Caffeine from Arabica Coffee Bean is excreted into breast milk in small amounts (approximately 1% of the maternal plasma level). While generally considered compatible with breastfeeding by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), excessive intake by the mother can lead to irritability, poor sleeping patterns, and 'jitteriness' in the nursing infant. This is especially true for preterm or very young infants who have a reduced ability to metabolize methylxanthines.

• Allergy Testing: Safe for use in children when performed by an allergist.
• Apnea of Prematurity: Caffeine citrate is the standard of care for infants between 28 and <33 weeks gestational age. It is preferred over theophylline due to a wider therapeutic window and less frequent dosing.
• General Stimulant Use: Not recommended for children under 12. There are concerns regarding the impact of stimulants on the developing nervous system and bone health in adolescents.

Elderly patients (65 years and older) often have a reduced clearance of methylxanthines due to age-related declines in hepatic (liver) function. They are also more likely to have underlying cardiovascular disease or insomnia. Clinical guidelines suggest starting with the lowest possible dose and monitoring for agitation, confusion, and heart palpitations. There is also an increased risk of falls if the substance causes significant tremors or dizziness.

In patients with a Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) below 30 mL/min, the metabolites of Arabica Coffee Bean can accumulate. While not typically requiring a dose reduction for occasional use, chronic therapeutic use should be monitored closely for signs of 'methylxanthine-like' toxicity.

This is the most critical population for dose adjustment. In patients with Child-Pugh Class B or C hepatic impairment, the half-life of caffeine can extend from 5 hours to over 50 hours. Therapeutic doses must be reduced by at least 50% to 75% to prevent severe accumulation and toxicity.

> Important: Special populations require individualized medical assessment to ensure the benefits of Arabica Coffee Bean products outweigh the risks.

Arabica Coffee Bean exerts its effects through several distinct molecular pathways:

1. 1Adenosine Receptor Antagonism: The primary mechanism. Caffeine competitively binds to A1 and A2A adenosine receptors. Normally, adenosine binding inhibits the release of neurotransmitters; by blocking this, caffeine increases the release of dopamine, norepinephrine, and glutamate.
2. 2Phosphodiesterase (PDE) Inhibition: At higher concentrations, it inhibits the enzyme PDE, which breaks down cyclic AMP (cAMP). Increased cAMP levels lead to the release of epinephrine and relaxation of smooth muscles (bronchodilation).
3. 3Calcium Mobilization: It can trigger the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle cells, increasing the strength of muscle contraction.

• Onset of Action: 15–45 minutes for oral forms; immediate for IV.
• Duration of Effect: 3–6 hours in healthy adults.
• Tolerance: With regular use, the brain 'upregulates' (increases the number of) adenosine receptors, leading to a decreased response to the same dose.

| Parameter | Value |

|---|---|

| Bioavailability | 99% |

| Protein Binding | 15% - 36% |

| Half-life | 3 - 7 hours (Adults) |

| Tmax | 0.5 - 2 hours |

| Metabolism | Hepatic (CYP1A2) |

| Excretion | Renal (<1% unchanged) |

• Molecular Formula: C8H10N4O2 (for Caffeine)
• Molecular Weight: 194.19 g/mol
• Solubility: Sparingly soluble in water at room temperature; freely soluble in boiling water.
• Structure: A purine alkaloid consisting of a pyrimidinedione and imidazole ring fused together.

Arabica Coffee Bean is classified as a Non-Standardized Food Allergenic Extract [EPC]. Its active component, caffeine, is a Methylxanthine [EPC] and a Central Nervous System Stimulant [EPC]. It is related to other methylxanthines such as theophylline (used for asthma) and theobromine (found in chocolate).